A 9-month-old febrile female infant requires a urine culture to rule out pyelonephritis. Which method of specimen collection provides the most reliable result for culture in this non-toilet-trained patient?
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✓ Correct answer: D. Catheterized specimenThe correct answer is a catheterized specimen. For non-toilet-trained children, catheterization (or suprapubic aspiration) is required to avoid contamination from skin flora. Bag specimens have a high false-positive rate and are unacceptable for culture diagnosis of UTI. Distractor 1 is incorrect due to high contamination rates. Distractor 2 is not feasible for an infant who cannot void on command. Distractor 3 and 4 describe unreliable methods that mix urine with skin or fiber contaminants.
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