For a study in an aquatic ecosystem, identify which of the following are examples of density-independent factors affecting fish populations: Statement i. Introduction of a new fish predator in the ecosystem ii. Toxic chemicals spilled into the water iii. Hurricanes causing widespread habitat destruction iv. Seasonal temperature changes leading to water stratification v. Increased competition for nesting sites
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✓ Correct answer: A. ii, iii, and ivAnswer: ii, iii, and iv. Density-independent factors are abiotic factors that can impact population size irrespective of the population density. In this context, the spill of toxic chemicals, hurricanes, and seasonal temperature changes are abiotic factors, whereas a new predator and increased competition are biotic, density-dependent factors.
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